Journal of Scientific Research and Reports

This study examines changes in women’s entrepreneurship in India using published Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) indicators from 2013–14 to 2022–23. The analysis treats the annual GEM estimates as repeated cross-sectional, secondary data and focuses on descriptive trends rather than unsupported inference from aggregate percentages. Three domains are examined: women’s perceived entrepreneurial opportunity, perceived capability, and fear of failure; societal attitudes toward entrepreneurship; and the gender difference in Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA). Perceived opportunity increased from 32.0% in 2013–14 to 73.1% in 2022–23, while perceived capability increased from 43.0% to 73.8%; both series fluctuated markedly across years. Fear of failure increased from 37.0% to 57.3%. Among the available societal-attitude series, entrepreneurship as a good career choice rose from 43.0% in 2013–14 to 61.7% in 2018–19, and high status accorded to successful entrepreneurs rose from 44.0% to 60.5%. Female TEA increased from 6.4% in 2013–14 to 11.4% in 2022–23, while the male–female TEA gap narrowed at the endpoints from 6.8 to 0.2 percentage points, although the annual path was not monotonic. The findings indicate substantial change in entrepreneurial perceptions and activity, but they do not establish causal effects of policies or a statistically significant temporal trend because annual standard errors and individual-level survey data were not analysed. Future work should use weighted APS microdata or harmonised survey-level estimates with uncertainty measures to test temporal and gender differences more rigorously.